Suicidality

katedra: KSS; přílohy: 1 x CD; rozsah: 58Bakalářská práce se zabývala problematikou sociálně patologického jevu, kterým je sebevražda. Jejím cílem bylo ověřit platnost předpokladů, že nejčastějším způsobem sebevraždy u mužů je oběšení, nejčastějším místem spáchání sebevraždy je místo trvalého bydliště a nejčastějším zjištěným důvodem spáchání suicidálního jednání je u mužů nemoc. U žen jsem předpokládal, že nejčastějším způsobem spáchání sebevraždy je otrava léky, nejvíce sebevražd se uskutečnilo v místě trvalého bydliště a nejčastějším zjištěným důvodem byly psychické problémy. Některé moje hypotézy se potvrdily. Práci tvořily dvě stěžejní oblasti. Jednalo se o část teoretickou, která pomocí zpracování odborných zdrojů definovala základní pojmy, věnovala se sebevraždě z pohledu historie, popisovala vývoj sebevražedného jednání, důvody sebevražedného jednání a rizikové faktory, jmenovala ohrožené skupiny, odhalila způsoby provedení sebevražd, důsledky suicidálního jednání a jeho prevenci. Praktická část zjišťovala pomocí analýzy spisové dokumentace a následného průzkumu 172 případů dokonaných sebevražd na okrese Jičín v letech 2000 až 2009 způsoby, místa a důvody suicidálního jednání podle pohlaví. Výsledky průzkumu potvrdily některé moje předpoklady a vyústily v konkrétní navrhovaná opatření v oblasti prevence. Za největší přínos práce vzhledem k řešené problematice bylo možné považovat nalezení rizikových skupin obyvatel na okrese Jičín od roku 2000 do roku 2009, zjištění míst a důvodů spáchání sebevražd a navržení způsobů, jak předcházet a omezit vzniku sebevražedného jednání.My Bachelor Degree Thesis was about an issue of a socio-pathological phenomenon called suicide. The aim was to prove the truth of the hypothesis that the most frequent way of suicide of men is hanging, the most frequent place is the place of residence and the frequently determined reason for commiting a suicide is a disease. In my opinion women are supposed to commite a suicide by drug intoxication, the most frequent place is the place of residence and the frequently determined reason for commiting a suicide are mental problems. Some my hypothesis was confirmed. The thesis consisted of two principal parts: the theoretical, which - elaborating expert sources- defined basic terms, dealt with suicide from the view of history, described lines and reasons for suicidal behaviour and high-risk factors, listed vulnerable groups, revealed types ot suicide, impacts and preventiv. The practical part traced - through an analysis of recorded documentation and a follow-up survay of 172 cases of completed suicides in Jičín district between 2000 - 2009 - ways, places and reasons of suicidal behaviour by the gender. The results of the survay confirmed some my hypothesis and led to concretely proposed measures in the area of prevention. The most important positive of my thesis in view of the treated issue might be the founding of vulnerable groups of residents of Jičín district(period 2000-2009), finding places and reasons for commiting suicides and suggesting how to prevent and reduce suicidal behaviour

Current Antibiotic Resistance Trends of Uropathogens in Central Europe: Survey from a Tertiary Hospital Urology Department 2011–2019

Monitoring of pathogen resistance profiles is necessary to guide empirical antibiotic therapy before culture and sensitivity results become available. The aim of this study was to describe current antibiotic resistance patterns of five most frequent causative uropathogens in a Department of Urology of a tertiary referral centre in Central Europe over a period of nine years. The Hospital Department of Clinical Microbiology database was used to extract data on all positive urine samples from inpatients in the Department of Urology between 2011 and 2019. Numbers of susceptible and resistant isolates per year were calculated for five most frequent uropathogens: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus spp. Antimicrobial agents selected for the survey included: ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillin/tazobactam; cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and cefepime; ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin; gentamicin and amikacin; ertapenem, meropenem and imipenem; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole), nitrofurantoin, colistin, and vancomycin. High resistance rates of Gram-negative uropathogens were demonstrated to most common antimicrobials, with statistically significant increasing or decreasing trends in some cases. No carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were isolated. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. strains were rare in our population

Bladder Microbiota Are Associated with Clinical Conditions That Extend beyond the Urinary Tract

Background. Since the discovery of the human urinary microbiota (UM), alterations in microbial community composition have been associated with various genitourinary conditions. The aim of this exploratory study was to examine possible associations of UM with clinical conditions beyond the urinary tract and to test some of the conclusions from previous studies on UM. Methods. Catheterised urine samples from 87 men were collected prior to endoscopic urological interventions under anaesthesia. The composition of the bacterial community in urine was characterized using the hypervariable V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Samples from 58 patients yielded a sufficient amount of bacterial DNA for analysis. Alpha diversity measures (number of operational taxonomic units, ACE, iChao2, Shannon and Simpson indices) were compared with the Kruskal–Wallis test. Beta diversity (differences in microbial community composition) was assessed using non-metric dimensional scaling in combination with the Prevalence in Microbiome Analysis algorithm. Results. Differences in bacterial richness and diversity were observed for the following variables: age, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking status and single-dose preoperative antibiotics. Differences in microbial community composition were observed in the presence of chronic kidney disease, lower urinary tract symptoms and antibiotic prophylaxis. Conclusions. UM appears to be associated with certain clinical conditions, including those unrelated to the urinary tract. Further investigation is needed before conclusions can be drawn for diagnostics and treatment

ICS Educational Module : Electromyography in the assessment and therapy of lower urinary tract dysfunction in adults

Aim: To present the teaching module “Electromyography in the assessment and therapy of lower urinary tract dysfunction in adults.” This teaching module embodies a presentation, in combination with this manuscript. This manuscript serves as a scientific background review; the evidence base made available on ICS website to summarize current knowledge and recommendations. Methods: This review has been prepared by a Working Group of The ICS Urodynamics Committee. The methodology used included comprehensive literature review, consensus formation by the members of the Working Group, and review by members of the ICS Urodynamics Committee core panel. Results: Electromyography (EMG) is a method to record spontaneous or artificially induced electrical activity of the nerve-muscle unit or to test nerve conductivity. EMG of the anal sphincter using surface electrode is most widely used screening technique to detect detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in urology. It is non-invasive and easy to perform. EMG methods using needle electrodes are reserved for diagnostics in well selected group of mainly neurogenic patients. These methods require expertise in the field of general EMG and are usually performed by neurologist and neuro-physiologist. The evidence in many aspects of use of EMG in urology remains sparse. Conclusions: Currently EMG methods rarely play a decision making role in selecting proper treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction. With the current efforts to improve phenotyping of these patients in order to provide individualized treatment, the role of EMG could increase

Epidemiology and impact of urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, and other lower urinary tract symptoms: Results of the EPIC survey in Russia, Czech Republic, and Turkey

© 2014 Informa UK Ltd. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI), overactive bladder (OAB), and other lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in the Czech Republic, Russia, and Turkey. Methods: Stage one of this population-based survey consisted of computer-assisted telephone interviews to obtain prevalence estimates of storage, voiding, and post-micturition LUTS. Stage two face-to-face interviews evaluated subjects with mixed urinary incontinence (MUI), stress urinary incontinence (SUI) or OAB (case group) and a control group (subjects with other incontinence or LUTS complaints, or no symptoms). Outcome measure: Prevalence of LUTS categories were determined for each country based on International Continence Society (ICS) criteria. Results and limitations: A total of 3130 individuals agreed to participate in the survey, which found high rates of LUTS (men 80%; women 84%) and OAB (men 18%; women 28%). Duration of urinary symptoms was relatively brief (approximately 60% 3 years) and was associated with relatively modest effects on quality of life and work performance in the majority of individuals. Forty percent had consulted with a healthcare provider about their urinary symptoms, of whom 37% had consulted with a physician and 34% with an urologist, and 12% had been treated with a prescription medication. Drug therapy, while uncommon, was associated with a high degree of self-reported improvement (96%). Because of between-country population differences, aggregate results may not always be representative of results for each of the three countries individually. Study limitations include reliance on patient self-report, and potential bias introduced by patients who declined to participate in the survey. Conclusions: The results of this epidemiologic survey found high rates of LUTS and OAB, but low levels of medical consultation and very low use of medication treatment, despite high levels of improvement when medications were used